For obesity-drug developers, CROs and medical writers

GLP-1 competitor tolerability benchmark

How often do nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and the other common adverse events occur on the approved incretin drugs your candidate will be measured against? We prepare the benchmark to order from our curated trial corpus: pooled rates per drug, each with its n, its number of distinct sources, a 95% interval and the list of trial arms behind it. For protocol design, investor decks and regulatory submissions. The free sample below is available now.

See the free sample Free PDF: pre-ObesityWeek 2026 tolerability snapshot

What the full benchmark will contain

The full benchmark is not an off-the-shelf file. This is its planned scope: we prepare it from our corpus after you order, using the same method as the free sample below, and deliver it within 10 working days of purchase.

Every tracked effect, per drug

Adverse-event rates for each approved incretin drug in our corpus across all 15 effects we track. An effect without enough eligible evidence for a drug will be marked “insufficient data”, never filled — and emotional blunting / reduced pleasure has no citable clinical rate in the corpus for any drug today, so it will carry no figure.

Per dose only where the arm label states one

Dose splits will come only from registry arm labels that name a dose (for example “Semaglutide 2.4 mg” or “15 mg Tirzepatide”), and only where enough distinct trials post that dose. Many arm labels state no dose (for example “Oral Semaglutide” or plain “Liraglutide”); those arms will appear in the drug-level figure only. We do not infer a dose the registry does not state.

n, sources and intervals on every figure

Each rate will carry the number of arm-level rates behind it, the number of distinct trials, and a 95% interval that includes a between-trial heterogeneity term. Where an effect’s registry evidence is a serious-adverse-event table, which is a floor on all-cause incidence rather than incidence, the figure will be labelled as such.

A row-level source list

Every arm behind every figure: ClinicalTrials.gov trial ID and link, arm label, participants at risk, the stated rate and, where the registry states them, the trial phase and the population the trial enrolled — the same layout as the sample’s source lists below, so you or a reviewer can check each row against the public record.

Comparable across drugs

The same eligibility rules, the same one-entry-per-trial collapsing, the same weighting and the same interval method will be applied to every drug, so differences between drugs are not artefacts of how each was summarised. That is comparability of method; the trials themselves still differ in population, dose and duration, and the benchmark will state those differences rather than hide them.

Free sample

Gastrointestinal adverse events on approved incretin drugs

Pooled rate of each effect in the drug’s own trial arms, from results posted to ClinicalTrials.gov, as held in our corpus on 9 October 2026. Each cell shows the pooled rate, its 95% interval, n (arm-level rates pooled) and the number of distinct trials. A cell resting on fewer than 3 distinct trials shows “insufficient data” and no rate. Where the drug has obesity/overweight trials, the cell also shows the same pool narrowed to those trials (tagged from each registry record’s own conditions list), under the same 3-trial floor, because an obesity candidate is usually compared against obesity trials. It is printed beside the all-population figure, never instead of it.

DrugNauseaVomitingDiarrhoeaConstipation
Semaglutide (oral)
12%
95% CI 1–60%
n = 23 · 12 trials
NCT03914326 carries 62.5% of the weight
Obesity trials only
Too few to pool
n = 2 · 2 trials
12.4%
95% CI 4–32%
n = 18 · 9 trials
Obesity trials only
Too few to pool
n = 2 · 2 trials
14.7%
95% CI 6–33%
n = 21 · 10 trials
Obesity trials only
Too few to pool
n = 2 · 2 trials
11.3%
95% CI 3–39%
n = 17 · 8 trials
Obesity trials only
Too few to pool
n = 2 · 2 trials
Semaglutide (injectable)
31.3%
95% CI 12–59%
n = 22 · 15 trials
Obesity trials only
39.3% (95% CI 16–68%)
n = 11 · 8 trials
15.9%
95% CI 7–34%
n = 22 · 15 trials
Obesity trials only
20% (95% CI 9–40%)
n = 11 · 8 trials
21%
95% CI 9–42%
n = 22 · 15 trials
Obesity trials only
25.9% (95% CI 11–49%)
n = 11 · 8 trials
16.6%
95% CI 5–45%
n = 20 · 14 trials
Obesity trials only
22% (95% CI 9–45%)
n = 11 · 8 trials
Tirzepatide
25.3%
95% CI 12–46%
n = 27 · 13 trials
NCT04255433 carries 67.2% of the weight
Obesity trials only
31.5% (95% CI 15–55%)
n = 8 · 5 trials
11.2%
95% CI 6–21%
n = 27 · 13 trials
NCT04255433 carries 67.2% of the weight
Obesity trials only
13.1% (95% CI 9–19%)
n = 8 · 5 trials
23.1%
95% CI 14–36%
n = 27 · 13 trials
NCT04255433 carries 67.2% of the weight
Obesity trials only
23.1% (95% CI 16–33%)
n = 8 · 5 trials
13.1%
95% CI 5–31%
n = 27 · 13 trials
NCT04255433 carries 67.2% of the weight
Obesity trials only
19.3% (95% CI 11–31%)
n = 8 · 5 trials
Liraglutide
21.3%
95% CI 6–56%
n = 19 · 13 trials
NCT01179048 carries 50.3% of the weight
Obesity trials only
40.8% (95% CI 27–56%)
n = 5 · 3 trials
NCT01272219 carries 70.6% of the weight
12.8%
95% CI 6–25%
n = 18 · 12 trials
Obesity trials only
17.4% (95% CI 13–24%)
n = 5 · 3 trials
NCT01272219 carries 70.6% of the weight
11.2%
95% CI 4–26%
n = 19 · 13 trials
NCT01179048 carries 50.3% of the weight
Obesity trials only
22.4% (95% CI 18–28%)
n = 5 · 3 trials
NCT01272219 carries 70.6% of the weight
13.6%
95% CI 4–37%
n = 17 · 10 trials
Obesity trials only
20.4% (95% CI 10–37%)
n = 5 · 3 trials
NCT01272219 carries 70.6% of the weight
Dulaglutide
18.2%
95% CI 10–31%
n = 17 · 12 trials
7.9%
95% CI 3–18%
n = 14 · 10 trials
15.5%
95% CI 10–24%
n = 16 · 11 trials
9.5%
95% CI 5–16%
n = 11 · 9 trials
NCT04255433 carries 50.3% of the weight
Exenatide
15.7%
95% CI 3–55%
n = 6 · 5 trials
8.2%
95% CI 2–25%
n = 5 · 4 trials
9.6%
95% CI 4–23%
n = 5 · 4 trials
5.7%
95% CI 4–7%
n = 4 · 3 trials
Lixisenatide
23.5%
95% CI 16–34%
n = 9 · 8 trials
NCT01147250 carries 58% of the weight
9.1%
95% CI 7–12%
n = 7 · 7 trials
NCT01147250 carries 60.6% of the weight
9.3%
95% CI 5–16%
n = 7 · 7 trials
NCT01147250 carries 60.6% of the weight
Insufficient data
n = 2 · 2 trials

Insufficient data: constipation on Lixisenatide (2 trials). We hold the rows, but fewer than 3 trials is too few to publish a pooled rate.

Semaglutide is split by route, read from each registry arm’s own label: “oral” in the label or a tablet-only dose (3, 7, 14, 25, 50 mg) counts as oral; an injection-only dose (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.7, 2, 2.4, 7.2 mg) counts as injectable. 6 semaglutide arms in 4 trials (19 rate rows across these four effects) have labels stating neither route nor dose, so they are left out of both semaglutide rows rather than guessed: NCT03574597 “Semaglutide” (n=8803); NCT04560998 “Semaglutide” (n=396); NCT05548647 “Behavioral Treatment + Medication (Weeks 0-60)” (n=72); NCT05548647 “Continued Medication (Semaglutide) (Weeks 60-72)” (n=10); NCT05891496 “Semaglutide Period 1” (n=11); NCT05891496 “Semaglutide Period 2” (n=22).

Download the sample with every arm behind every cell: benchmark-sample.json. Computed by scripts/build-benchmark-sample.mjs on 9 October 2026.

Two drugs side by side, in plain words: drug-pair comparisons built from this sample.

Sources behind each cell

Nausea · Semaglutide (oral) — 12 trials, 23 arm-level rates
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=285, 19.3%
  • NCT02906930 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=175, 8%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=175, 5.1%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=175, 16%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=131, 5.3%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=132, 8.3%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=130, 9.2%
  • NCT03021187 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=184, 11.4%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=181, 16.6%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=181, 22.7%
  • NCT03914326 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Oral Semaglutide, n=4825, 7.1%
  • NCT04109547 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=130, 4.6%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=130, 3.1%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=129, 6.2%
  • NCT04596631 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide, n=66, 25.8%
  • NCT04707469 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=534, 18%; Oral Semaglutide 25 mg, n=534, 27.2%; Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=534, 27.3%
  • NCT05035082 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide, n=500, 7.6%
  • NCT05035095 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=334, 51.8%
  • NCT05132088 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=134, 25.4%
  • NCT06045221 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 7 mg Semaglutide, n=426, 13.1%; 14 mg Semaglutide, n=425, 21.2%
Nausea · Semaglutide (injectable) — 15 trials, 22 arm-level rates
  • NCT01720446 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=826, 17.3%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=822, 21.8%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Sema 1.0 mg, n=404, 22.3%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=301, 22.3%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=300, 21%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=289, 21.5%
  • NCT03548935 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Sema 2.4 mg, n=1306, 44.1%
  • NCT03552757 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=402, 31.8%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=403, 33.5%
  • NCT03611582 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=407, 58.2%
  • NCT03811574 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.7 mg, n=100, 18%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=199, 17.6%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1 mg Semaglutide, n=469, 17.9%
  • NCT03989232 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=480, 14.6%; Semaglutide 2.0 mg, n=479, 14.4%
  • NCT04788511 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=263, 17.1%
  • NCT05064735 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=269, 21.9%
  • NCT05646706 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=1004, 43.7%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=201, 38.3%
  • NCT05649137 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=307, 29%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=103, 28.2%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 2.4 mg or MTD - Semaglutide, n=376, 44.4%
Nausea · Tirzepatide — 13 trials, 27 arm-level rates
  • NCT03861039 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 9.5%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=147, 13.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 27%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=159, 11.9%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=158, 19.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=160, 20%
  • NCT03954834 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 11.6%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 13.2%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 18.2%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 17.4%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=469, 19.2%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 22.1%
  • NCT04039503 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=116, 12.9%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=119, 17.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=120, 18.3%
  • NCT04184622 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 25.4%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=636, 34.1%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 31.9%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Tirzepatide (MTD), n=6647, 25%
  • NCT04657003 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=312, 20.2%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=311, 21.9%
  • NCT04657016 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide, n=287, 39.7%
  • NCT04847557 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide - MTD, n=364, 17%
  • NCT05412004 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide MTD_GPI1, n=114, 25.4%; Tirzepatide MTD_GPI2, n=119, 21.8%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 15 mg Tirzepatide or MTD, n=139, 25.2%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 15 mg or MTD - Tirzepatide, n=374, 43.6%
Nausea · Liraglutide — 13 trials, 19 arm-level rates
  • NCT00781937 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Lira 3.0 mg, n=212, 47.6%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide Once Daily, n=450, 20.7%
  • NCT01179048 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Liraglutide, n=4668, 11.1%
  • NCT01272219 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, Pre-diabetes, n=1524, 40.8%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg, no Pre-diabetes, n=957, 43.7%
  • NCT01272232 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, n=422, 32.7%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=210, 31.4%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=137, 8%
  • NCT01617434 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=225, 22.2%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.8 mg Liraglutide, n=300, 18%
  • NCT01836523 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=350, 32%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=348, 40.5%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=347, 49.6%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=202, 21.8%
  • NCT02098395 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=211, 32.2%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=209, 46.4%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=206, 49.5%
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=284, 18%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=287, 15.7%
Nausea · Dulaglutide — 12 trials, 17 arm-level rates
  • NCT01394952 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Dulaglutide, n=4943, 14.9%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): LY2189265, n=280, 6.1%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg LY2189265, n=299, 20.4%
  • NCT02597049 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=142, 14.8%; 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=141, 5%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=299, 13%; Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=299, 20.1%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=65, 9.2%
  • NCT03495102 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=612, 14.2%; Dulaglutide 3 mg, n=616, 16.1%; Dulaglutide 4.5 mg, n=614, 17.3%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=159, 7.5%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=6647, 22.3%
  • NCT04809220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=391, 9%; Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=195, 4.6%
  • NCT05254418 (Phase 2, other population): Dulagutide Arm, n=7, 14.3%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 4.5 mg Dulaglutide or MTD, n=143, 18.9%
Nausea · Exenatide — 5 trials, 6 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide, n=316, 37.7%
  • NCT00917267 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=340, 9.4%; Exenatide Twice Daily, n=338, 21.6%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=461, 9.3%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide ER, n=405, 11.9%
  • NCT02229383 (Phase 3, other population): Exenatide, n=231, 5.2%
Nausea · Lixisenatide — 8 trials, 9 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=318, 28.6%
  • NCT00713830 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=574, 28%
  • NCT00715624 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=328, 29.3%
  • NCT00763815 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=323, 26%
  • NCT00975286 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=223, 27.4%
  • NCT01147250 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Lixisenatide, n=3031, 21.7%
  • NCT01517412 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide Main Meal, n=225, 14.7%; Lixisenatide Breakfast, n=226, 15.5%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=202, 21.8%
Vomiting · Semaglutide (oral) — 9 trials, 18 arm-level rates
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=285, 8.4%
  • NCT02906930 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=175, 2.9%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=175, 4.6%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=175, 6.9%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=131, 2.3%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=132, 0.8%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=130, 6.9%
  • NCT03021187 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=184, 6%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=181, 7.7%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=181, 9.4%
  • NCT04596631 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide, n=66, 19.7%
  • NCT04707469 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=534, 9.7%; Oral Semaglutide 25 mg, n=534, 17%; Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=534, 18.2%
  • NCT05035095 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=334, 24%
  • NCT05132088 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=134, 14.9%
  • NCT06045221 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 7 mg Semaglutide, n=426, 7.7%; 14 mg Semaglutide, n=425, 10.4%
Vomiting · Semaglutide (injectable) — 15 trials, 22 arm-level rates
  • NCT01720446 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=826, 10.5%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=822, 14.8%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Sema 1.0 mg, n=404, 7.2%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=301, 10%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=300, 10.3%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=289, 10%
  • NCT03548935 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Sema 2.4 mg, n=1306, 24.6%
  • NCT03552757 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=402, 13.4%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=403, 21.3%
  • NCT03611582 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=407, 27.3%
  • NCT03811574 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.7 mg, n=100, 10%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=199, 8.5%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1 mg Semaglutide, n=469, 8.3%
  • NCT03989232 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=480, 6.7%; Semaglutide 2.0 mg, n=479, 7.7%
  • NCT04788511 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=263, 6.5%
  • NCT05064735 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=269, 7.8%
  • NCT05646706 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=1004, 24.8%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=201, 16.4%
  • NCT05649137 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=307, 16.6%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=103, 13.6%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 2.4 mg or MTD - Semaglutide, n=376, 21.3%
Vomiting · Tirzepatide — 13 trials, 27 arm-level rates
  • NCT03861039 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 2.7%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=147, 7.5%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 10.1%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=159, 8.2%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=158, 5.1%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=160, 11.9%
  • NCT03954834 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 3.3%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 2.5%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 5.8%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 5.7%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=469, 8.3%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 9.8%
  • NCT04039503 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=116, 6.9%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=119, 7.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=120, 12.5%
  • NCT04184622 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 9.2%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=636, 11.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 12.9%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Tirzepatide (MTD), n=6647, 11.4%
  • NCT04657003 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=312, 10.9%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=311, 12.9%
  • NCT04657016 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide, n=287, 18.1%
  • NCT04847557 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide - MTD, n=364, 10.4%
  • NCT05412004 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide MTD_GPI1, n=114, 17.5%; Tirzepatide MTD_GPI2, n=119, 9.2%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 15 mg Tirzepatide or MTD, n=139, 6.5%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 15 mg or MTD - Tirzepatide, n=374, 15%
Vomiting · Liraglutide — 12 trials, 18 arm-level rates
  • NCT00781937 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Lira 3.0 mg, n=212, 16.5%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide Once Daily, n=450, 10.4%
  • NCT01272219 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, Pre-diabetes, n=1524, 19.7%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg, no Pre-diabetes, n=957, 18%
  • NCT01272232 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, n=422, 15.6%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=210, 10%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=137, 0.7%
  • NCT01617434 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=225, 8.9%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.8 mg Liraglutide, n=300, 8.3%
  • NCT01836523 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=350, 6.9%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=348, 12.6%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=347, 18.4%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=202, 6.9%
  • NCT02098395 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=211, 9%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=209, 13.9%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=206, 17%
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=284, 4.6%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=287, 8%
Vomiting · Dulaglutide — 10 trials, 14 arm-level rates
  • NCT01394952 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Dulaglutide, n=4943, 6.6%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): LY2189265, n=280, 1.8%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg LY2189265, n=299, 7%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=299, 4%; Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=299, 9.7%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=65, 1.5%
  • NCT03495102 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=612, 6.5%; Dulaglutide 3 mg, n=616, 9.3%; Dulaglutide 4.5 mg, n=614, 10.4%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=159, 1.3%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=6647, 9.6%
  • NCT04809220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=391, 2.8%; Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=195, 1%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 4.5 mg Dulaglutide or MTD, n=143, 9.8%
Vomiting · Exenatide — 4 trials, 5 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide, n=316, 15.5%
  • NCT00917267 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=340, 7.9%; Exenatide Twice Daily, n=338, 11.5%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=461, 3.7%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide ER, n=405, 6.2%
Vomiting · Lixisenatide — 7 trials, 7 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=318, 12.9%
  • NCT00713830 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=574, 10.6%
  • NCT00715624 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=328, 9.8%
  • NCT00763815 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=323, 8%
  • NCT00975286 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=223, 9.4%
  • NCT01147250 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Lixisenatide, n=3031, 8.5%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=202, 8.9%
Diarrhoea · Semaglutide (oral) — 10 trials, 21 arm-level rates
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=285, 15.1%
  • NCT02906930 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=175, 8.6%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=175, 5.1%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=175, 5.1%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=131, 1.5%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=132, 1.5%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=130, 7.7%
  • NCT03021187 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=184, 8.7%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=181, 12.2%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=181, 14.4%
  • NCT04109547 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=130, 3.1%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=130, 9.2%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=129, 9.3%
  • NCT04596631 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide, n=66, 22.7%
  • NCT04707469 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=534, 12.4%; Oral Semaglutide 25 mg, n=534, 12.9%; Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=534, 14.2%
  • NCT05035095 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=334, 26.6%
  • NCT05132088 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=134, 16.4%
  • NCT06045221 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 7 mg Semaglutide, n=426, 13.1%; 14 mg Semaglutide, n=425, 18.1%
Diarrhoea · Semaglutide (injectable) — 15 trials, 22 arm-level rates
  • NCT01720446 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=826, 17.9%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=822, 18%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Sema 1.0 mg, n=404, 11.4%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=301, 14.3%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=300, 13.7%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=289, 15.6%
  • NCT03548935 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Sema 2.4 mg, n=1306, 31.5%
  • NCT03552757 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=402, 21.9%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=403, 21.3%
  • NCT03611582 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=407, 36.1%
  • NCT03811574 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.7 mg, n=100, 22%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=199, 16.1%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1 mg Semaglutide, n=469, 11.5%
  • NCT03989232 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=480, 8.8%; Semaglutide 2.0 mg, n=479, 9.4%
  • NCT04788511 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=263, 9.1%
  • NCT05064735 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=269, 7.8%
  • NCT05646706 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=1004, 27.3%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=201, 27.9%
  • NCT05649137 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=307, 18.2%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=103, 20.4%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 2.4 mg or MTD - Semaglutide, n=376, 23.4%
Diarrhoea · Tirzepatide — 13 trials, 27 arm-level rates
  • NCT03861039 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 7.4%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=147, 13.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 13.5%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=159, 17%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=158, 8.9%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=160, 11.3%
  • NCT03954834 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 11.6%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 14%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 11.6%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 13.2%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=469, 16.4%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 13.8%
  • NCT04039503 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=116, 12.1%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=119, 12.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=120, 20.8%
  • NCT04184622 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 20.3%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=636, 22.5%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 23.7%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Tirzepatide (MTD), n=6647, 24.7%
  • NCT04657003 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=312, 19.9%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=311, 21.2%
  • NCT04657016 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide, n=287, 31%
  • NCT04847557 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide - MTD, n=364, 17.9%
  • NCT05412004 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide MTD_GPI1, n=114, 26.3%; Tirzepatide MTD_GPI2, n=119, 21.8%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 15 mg Tirzepatide or MTD, n=139, 22.3%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 15 mg or MTD - Tirzepatide, n=374, 23.5%
Diarrhoea · Liraglutide — 13 trials, 19 arm-level rates
  • NCT00781937 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Lira 3.0 mg, n=212, 17.9%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide Once Daily, n=450, 12.9%
  • NCT01179048 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Liraglutide, n=4668, 5.7%
  • NCT01272219 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, Pre-diabetes, n=1524, 25.5%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg, no Pre-diabetes, n=957, 21%
  • NCT01272232 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, n=422, 25.6%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=210, 17.6%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=137, 4.4%
  • NCT01617434 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=225, 10.7%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.8 mg Liraglutide, n=300, 12%
  • NCT01836523 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=350, 11.7%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=348, 14.4%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=347, 18.4%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=202, 12.4%
  • NCT02098395 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=211, 6.6%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=209, 12%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=206, 14.6%
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=284, 10.9%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=287, 12.2%
Diarrhoea · Dulaglutide — 11 trials, 16 arm-level rates
  • NCT01394952 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Dulaglutide, n=4943, 13.5%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): LY2189265, n=280, 7.1%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg LY2189265, n=299, 12%
  • NCT02597049 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=142, 5.6%; 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=141, 9.9%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=299, 7.7%; Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=299, 17.7%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=65, 6.2%
  • NCT03495102 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=612, 7.8%; Dulaglutide 3 mg, n=616, 12.2%; Dulaglutide 4.5 mg, n=614, 11.4%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=159, 6.9%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=6647, 18.9%
  • NCT04809220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=391, 10.2%; Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=195, 8.2%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 4.5 mg Dulaglutide or MTD, n=143, 13.3%
Diarrhoea · Exenatide — 4 trials, 5 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide, n=316, 17.1%
  • NCT00917267 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=340, 9.4%; Exenatide Twice Daily, n=338, 8%
  • NCT01029886 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=461, 6.1%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide ER, n=405, 8.4%
Diarrhoea · Lixisenatide — 7 trials, 7 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=318, 15.1%
  • NCT00713830 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=574, 12.4%
  • NCT00715624 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=328, 11.3%
  • NCT00763815 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=323, 10.8%
  • NCT00975286 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=223, 6.7%
  • NCT01147250 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Lixisenatide, n=3031, 7.8%
  • NCT01973231 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=202, 9.9%
Constipation · Semaglutide (oral) — 8 trials, 17 arm-level rates
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=285, 7.7%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=131, 9.2%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=132, 12.1%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=130, 15.4%
  • NCT03021187 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=184, 4.3%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=181, 8.3%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=181, 6.6%
  • NCT04109547 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 3 mg, n=130, 0.8%; Oral Semaglutide 7 mg, n=130, 5.4%; Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=129, 2.3%
  • NCT04707469 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Oral Semaglutide 14 mg, n=534, 7.5%; Oral Semaglutide 25 mg, n=534, 6.6%; Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=534, 6.2%
  • NCT05035095 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=334, 27.5%
  • NCT05132088 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Oral Semaglutide 50 mg, n=134, 20.9%
  • NCT06045221 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 7 mg Semaglutide, n=426, 7.7%; 14 mg Semaglutide, n=425, 8.9%
Constipation · Semaglutide (injectable) — 14 trials, 20 arm-level rates
  • NCT01720446 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=826, 5.6%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=822, 9.6%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Sema 1.0 mg, n=404, 6.4%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 0.5 mg, n=301, 5.3%; Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=300, 4.7%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=289, 5.9%
  • NCT03548935 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Sema 2.4 mg, n=1306, 23.4%
  • NCT03552757 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.0 mg, n=402, 12.7%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=403, 17.4%
  • NCT03611582 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=407, 36.9%
  • NCT03811574 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 1.7 mg, n=100, 19%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=199, 26.1%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1 mg Semaglutide, n=469, 5.8%
  • NCT04788511 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=263, 6.5%
  • NCT05064735 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=269, 11.9%
  • NCT05646706 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=1004, 23.3%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=201, 19.4%
  • NCT05649137 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Semaglutide 7.2 mg, n=307, 14.7%; Semaglutide 2.4 mg, n=103, 18.4%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 2.4 mg or MTD - Semaglutide, n=376, 28.5%
Constipation · Tirzepatide — 13 trials, 27 arm-level rates
  • NCT03861039 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 8.1%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=147, 13.6%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=148, 14.9%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=159, 15.1%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=158, 17.7%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=160, 13.8%
  • NCT03954834 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 5.8%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 5%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=121, 6.6%
  • NCT03987919 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 6.6%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=469, 4.5%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=470, 4.5%
  • NCT04039503 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=116, 6%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=119, 6.7%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=120, 6.7%
  • NCT04184622 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 5 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 17.9%; 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=636, 18.4%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=630, 12.7%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Tirzepatide (MTD), n=6647, 12.6%
  • NCT04657003 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 10 mg Tirzepatide, n=312, 8%; 15 mg Tirzepatide, n=311, 9%
  • NCT04657016 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide, n=287, 23%
  • NCT04847557 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide - MTD, n=364, 14.8%
  • NCT05412004 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Tirzepatide MTD_GPI1, n=114, 15.8%; Tirzepatide MTD_GPI2, n=119, 15.1%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 15 mg Tirzepatide or MTD, n=139, 8.6%
  • NCT05822830 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): 15 mg or MTD - Tirzepatide, n=374, 27%
Constipation · Liraglutide — 10 trials, 17 arm-level rates
  • NCT00781937 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Lira 3.0 mg, n=212, 26.9%
  • NCT01272219 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, Pre-diabetes, n=1524, 21.9%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg, no Pre-diabetes, n=957, 21.2%
  • NCT01272232 (Phase 3, obesity/overweight): Liraglutide 3.0 mg, n=422, 16.1%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=210, 9.5%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide, n=137, 8%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.8 mg Liraglutide, n=300, 5.7%
  • NCT01836523 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=350, 4.9%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=348, 8%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=347, 7.5%
  • NCT02098395 (Phase 3, type 1 diabetes, adjunct to insulin): Liraglutide 0.6 mg, n=211, 2.8%; Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=209, 11%; Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=206, 6.8%
  • NCT02505334 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=233, 7.3%; Liraglutide 0.9 mg, n=233, 2.1%
  • NCT02863419 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.8 mg, n=284, 3.9%
  • NCT03191396 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Liraglutide 1.2 mg, n=287, 3.5%
Constipation · Dulaglutide — 9 trials, 11 arm-level rates
  • NCT01394952 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): Dulaglutide, n=4943, 7.3%
  • NCT01558271 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): LY2189265, n=280, 7.9%
  • NCT01624259 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 1.5 mg LY2189265, n=299, 3.7%
  • NCT02648204 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=299, 3.3%; Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=299, 5%
  • NCT03015220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=65, 9.2%
  • NCT03861052 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): 0.75 mg Dulaglutide, n=159, 10.7%
  • NCT04255433 (Phase 3, cardiovascular-outcomes trial): 1.5 mg Dulaglutide, n=6647, 11.6%
  • NCT04809220 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Dulaglutide 1.5 mg, n=391, 12.5%; Dulaglutide 0.75 mg, n=195, 8.7%
  • NCT05564039 (Phase 4, type 2 diabetes): 4.5 mg Dulaglutide or MTD, n=143, 7.7%
Constipation · Exenatide — 3 trials, 4 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide, n=316, 5.4%
  • NCT00917267 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide Once Weekly, n=340, 5.9%; Exenatide Twice Daily, n=338, 7.1%
  • NCT01885208 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Exenatide ER, n=405, 5.2%
Constipation · Lixisenatide — 2 trials, 2 arm-level rates
  • NCT00707031 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=318, 4.4%
  • NCT00713830 (Phase 3, type 2 diabetes): Lixisenatide, n=574, 5.2%

Methodology and limits

Where the data comes from.The underlying source is public: adverse-event results posted to ClinicalTrials.gov. Anyone can read them. The benchmark uses registry results only, so that every arm is reported the same way; rates from published papers and FDA adverse-event reports in our wider database are not pooled into it. What we add is the curation, pooling and comparability — finding the posted results, extracting each arm’s rate with its denominator, screening out what cannot support a rate, and summarising every drug the same way, with the source of every number kept attached.

How the sample is computed. Registry-posted results only: ClinicalTrials.gov adverse-event tables for each drug's own trial arms, as stored in the Magistra corpus. Each cell pools the arm-level rates for one drug and one effect with the same function the site publishes its estimates with: rates from one trial collapse to one entry (the plain mean of that trial's arms), entries are weighted by sample size and extraction confidence, and the 95% interval adds a between-trial heterogeneity term on the log-odds scale. A cell with fewer than 3 distinct trials publishes no rate.

What to keep in mind when you use it:
  • statedRates counts arm-level rate rows, not independent participants: a crossover or multi-period study can post the same people in more than one arm.
  • Registries list non-serious adverse events only above each trial's reporting threshold (usually 5%). A trial whose rate for a term fell below that threshold posts no row and is absent from the cell, which biases low-frequency cells upward.
  • Each cell pools every dose and population its registry arms describe (obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-outcomes trials together). Semaglutide is split into oral and injectable rows; every other drug is one row across its doses. They are not dose-matched or population-matched comparisons.
  • obesityOnly narrows a cell to trials whose registry conditions are tagged obesity/overweight (some, such as STEP 2 and SCALE Diabetes, enrol people with type 2 diabetes as well), with the same function and the same 3-trial floor. It is printed beside the all-population figure, never instead of it.
  • Pooling weights follow sample size, so one very large trial can carry most of a cell. Where a single trial carries more than half of a cell's pooling weight, the cell names it.
  • Trial durations and adverse-event collection windows differ between trials; rates are as-posted, not annualised.
  • Rates are as posted to the registry; we do not adjust them for placebo.
  • Rates are not drug-attributed: the rule governing ClinicalTrials.gov results reporting (42 CFR 11.10) defines an adverse event as an occurrence "temporally associated with the subject's participation in the research, whether or not considered related" to it.
  • Rates come from each registry's non-serious ("Other") adverse-event table, except for a term a trial posts only in its serious table. A participant whose event was recorded as serious is not counted in the non-serious table, and the two tables can share participants, so they cannot simply be added: every cell is a floor on all-severity incidence.

What this is not. It is not a placebo-adjusted or head-to-head comparison, not a substitute for the prescribing information, and not medical advice. Treat it as a sourced, reproducible summary of what the public record states. The full method is on the methodology page; the same pooling function produces the per-effect estimates on /data.

Know a trial we’re missing? Submit a source.

Who it is for

Obesity-drug biotechs

Phase 1–2 teams setting tolerability expectations in a protocol, sizing a titration schedule, or showing investors where their candidate’s GI profile sits against the approved drugs.

CROs

A sourced comparator table for feasibility work and sponsor proposals, with every row traceable to a public trial record.

Medical-writing agencies

Background tolerability context for briefing documents and submissions, with the n, source count and interval stated beside every figure.

Get the full benchmark

All 15 tracked effects, per drug, split by dose only where registry arm labels state one, with the full row-level source list. Prepared to order and delivered within 10 working days of purchase.

£990
one-time
Buy the benchmark

Just one drug? Single-drug pack — £190

If you only need one comparator, you can buy that drug on its own: how often each side effect was reported in its trials, with every trial behind each number.

One drug row of the benchmark: all 15 tracked effects for the drug you choose. Each effect with at least 3 distinct trials gets its pooled rate, 95% interval, n, number of distinct trials, the dominant-trial flag and, where there are enough obesity trials, the obesity-trials-only figure; an effect with fewer is marked “insufficient data”, never filled, and emotional blunting / reduced pleasure carries no figure for any drug. How many effects are pooled varies by drug: exenatide and lixisenatide have few beyond the stomach effects. You also get every source trial arm (ClinicalTrials.gov ID, arm label, participants at risk and affected); the method, the caveats and a limits sheet for that drug. PDF and CSV, from the same corpus and the same code as the full benchmark. Per-dose splits are in the full benchmark only. Delivered within 2 working days of purchase.

Choose one: Semaglutide (oral), Semaglutide (injectable), Tirzepatide, Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, Exenatide, Lixisenatide. Name it in your email.

£190
one-time, one drug
Email to order
Checkout for the pack is not open yet. Email saurabh@magistra.health with the drug you want and we will reply with how to pay.

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